Age-related wear and tear in the lower spine that can contribute to stiffness, pain and reduced mobility. 

A disc bulge or tear that can irritate nearby nerves, sometimes causing back pain with leg symptoms such as numbness or weakness. 

Gradual disc changes over time that may contribute to back pain, stiffness and reduced tolerance to bending or lifting. 

Loss of disc hydration (drying) that can reduce cushioning and contribute to stiffness and back discomfort. 

Nerve irritation in the lower back causing leg pain, tingling or numbness, often influenced by posture, movement and loading. 

Narrowing around spinal nerves that can cause back and leg pain, heaviness or walking limits, often worse with standing or extension. 

Pain arising from small joints at the back of the spine, often aggravated by extension, rotation or prolonged postures. 

Degenerative changes in the facet joints that may cause stiffness and local back pain with certain movements. 

A vertebra slipping forward relative to the one below, which can cause back pain and sometimes nerve-related leg symptoms. 

A rare emergency where nerves at the base of the spine are compressed—requires urgent medical assessment if symptoms suggest it. 

A stress fracture in part of a vertebra, common in adolescents/athletes, often causing extension-related back pain. 

Muscle or ligament injury in the lower back that causes pain and stiffness, usually managed with graded activity and rehabilitation. 

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